Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) are among the most widespread infections in clinical practice worldwide. With over 8.3 million clinic visits and more than 1 million hospitalizations, cases of UTI are both morbid and recurrent. A single type of bacteria, for example, E.coli causes about 80-90% of UTIs.

UTIs are more common in women than men. Around 50% of women experience Urinary tract infections (UTI) at some point in their lives which has been a growing cause of concern.¹
Even though the prevalence data shows that the occurrence of UTI is most likely between the ages of 14 and 24, both men and women of older ages experience episodes of uncomplicated UTIs just as much. In men, symptomatic UTIs are less common with 12% prevalence rates.²

Pneumonia is a form of acute lower respiratory infection. It is characterized by the deposition of fluid and/or pus in the alveoli, limiting oxygen exchange and making breathing painful and difficult.
Pneumonia is usually caused by viruses or bacteria and rarely by other microorganisms. It is the leading cause of death, especially in children below the age of 5 and adults over 65.¹ There are over 30 different causes of pneumonia and are grouped as bacterial pneumonia, viral pneumonia, fungal pneumonia, and other pneumonia. They can also be categorized as community-acquired, hospital-acquired, or aspiration pneumonia.²

Pneumonia affects approximately 450 million people worldwide and leads to 4 million deaths each year. India accounts for over 23% of the global pneumonia burden. With over 30 million new cases of childhood pneumonia reported each year, India tops the list of countries with a high disease burden.³

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common gastrointestinal condition occurring due to the retrograde flow of refluxate from the stomach into the esophagus. The most typical symptoms in GERD are regurgitation and heartburn. Gastro-esophageal refluxate contains a variety of noxious agents, mainly acid but also pancreatic enzymes, pepsin and bile salts. Exposure of the esophageal mucosa to these agents may result in critical injuries to the delicate structures, resulting in reflux esophagitis, esophageal stricture, Barrett’s esophagus, esophageal adenocarcinoma and others.
Even though GERD is a very common clinical diagnosis, its pathogenesis is quite complicated. In many cases, this is due to inappropriate lower esophageal sphincter (LES) function. The pathogenesis of GERD involves an interplay of neurological, chemical, mechanical and psychological mechanisms, which contribute to symptom presentation and influence diagnosis and treatment. Owing to the multifactorial development, many patients may continue to experience detrimental symptoms due to GERD, despite prolonged acid suppression with proton pump inhibitor therapy.¹

Allergic rhinitis is one of the most common allergic diseases worldwide, affecting about 10-25% of the global population. It continues to be one of the top ten reasons for a visit to a primary care physician.

In India, the burden of allergic rhinitis has seen an exponential rise over the past few decades. The current estimates suggest that at least 20-30% population in India suffers from allergic rhinitis.¹

Functional constipation is a fairly common problem occurring in childhood. It has a varied prevalence between geographic regions. In North and South America, the prevalence (including infants–adolescents) ranges between 10% and 23% respectively, while in Europe (only including children) numbers between 0.7% and 12% are reported. In Asia (including infants– dolescents), the prevalence is estimated between 0.5% and 29.6%.
The prevalence also varies according to different age groups. The peak incidence of constipation has been reported between 2 and 4 years of age, when the potty training of a child starts. A recent systematic review found that the median prevalence of constipation in children was 12%. The incidence of constipation reported in infants varies between 0.05% and 39.3%, but based on expert consensus the prevalence is estimated at 15%.¹